Quality of table olives

6 páginas, 4 tablas.-- Articulo de revisión.[ES] El trabajo comenta las diferentes normas, tanto nacionales como intemacionales, que regulan los aspectos de la calidad de las aceitunas de mesa. Se comentan especialmente la Norma Cualitativa Unificada Aplicable a Aceitunas de Mesa en el Comercio Intemacional y las correspondientes COI/CODEX (Consejo Oleícola Intemacional, COI, y COI/Codex Alimentarius, respectivamente), la Reglamentación Técnico Sanitaria para la elaboración, circulación, y venta de aceitunas de mesa (española), las Normas de calidad para la exportación de Aceitunas de Mesa (española), y las «United States Standards for Grades of Green and Canned Ripe Olives» (USA). Asimismo se analizan las implicaciones de las nuevas reglamentaciones sobre etiquetado nutricional (principalmente en el comercio con USA), la aplicación del Análisis de Riesgos y Control de Puntos Críticos (ARCPC), y la necesidad de adaptar el Sector al cumplimiento de las diversas normas de la serie ISO 9000 o su equivalente EN 29000.[EN] The paper comments the different regulations related to table olives at national or international scales. The Unified Qualitative standard Applying to Table Olives in International Trade and COI/Codex (International Olive Oil Council, IOC, and IOC/Codex Alimentarius), «Reglamentación Técnico Sanitaria para la elaboración, circulación y venta de aceitunas de mesa» (Spanish), «Normas de calidad para la exportación de aceitunas de mesa» (Spanish), and the United States Standards for Grades of Green and Canned Ripe Olives (USA) are especially considered. The effects of the new regulations on Nutritional Labelling (mainly in USA), applications of the Analysis and Control of Critical Points (ACCP), and the problems derived from the application of the ISO 9000, or EN 29000, to this Sector are also discussed.Peer reviewe

Lubrication of DLC Coatings with Two Tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate Anion-Based Ionic Liquids

The lubrication of a Cr-DLC coating with ethyl-dimethyl-2-methoxyethylammonium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluoropho-sphate [(NEMM)MOE][FAP] and 1-butyl-1-methylpyrro-lidinium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate [BMP] [FAP] ionic liquids (ILs) as 1 wt% additives to a polyalphaolefin (PAO 6) was studied. Zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP) was also used as reference in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the ILs. Reciprocating ball-on-plate tribological tests at loads of 20 and 40 N were performed. The results showed that both ILs exhibited a friction reduction, especially at the lowest load tested. Antiwear properties were also improved; the PAO 6 + 1% [BMP][FAP] mixture was slightly better, close to the values for PAO 6 + 1% ZDDP. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis indicated that the additive–surface interaction was responsible for the tribological improvement

Characteristics of the growth of table olive yeasts at low temperature

The behaviour of Picchia anomala, Picchia membranaefaciens, Pichia minuta, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida diddensii, Candida famata y Debaryomyces hansenii, isolated form olive fermentations at low temperature was studied. The response, growth rate, at increasing time intervals, was studied by means of a General Linear Model (GLM) repeated measures, paying special attention to interactions. The most vigorous yeasts in YMGP were P. anomala, C. diddensii, y Deb. hansenii, who were able to grow at 7ºC and 8% salt. In brine, in addition to the main effects, the interactions salt-yeast, time-pH, time-yeast-species were also significant. P. membranaefaciens showed greater salt tolerance in brine than in YMPG. S. cerevisiae, P. minuta and C. famata were inhibited of both pH 3,5 and pH 4 at 7ºC. A sinergistic effect of salt and pH can inhibit yeast growth at 7ºC.Se ha estudiado el comportamiento de Picchia anomala, Picchia membranaefaciens, Pichia minuta, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida diddensii, Candida famata y Debaryomyces Hansenii a bajas temperaturas. La respuesta, crecimiento relativo determinado a diferentes intervalos de tiempo, se ha estudiado mediante el modelo lineal general (GLM) con medidas repetidas, prestándose especial atención a las interacciones. Las levaduras más resistentes en medio YMGP fueron P. anomala, C. diddensii, y Deb. hansenii que crecieron a 7ºC incluso al 8% de sal. En salmueras, además de los efectos principales, fueron también significativas las interacciones, concentración de sal-especie de levadura, tiempo-pH, tiempo-especie de levadura, tiempo-sal-pH y tiempo-sal-especie de levadura. P. membranaefaciens mostró mayor tolerancia a la sal en la salmuera que en YMGP. S. cerevisiae, P. membranaefaciens y C. famata se inhibieron a 7ºC tanto a pH 3,5 como 4, con independencia de los niveles de sal. Combinaciones adecuadas de pH y sal pueden inhibir el crecimiento a 7ºC.Los autores desean expresar su gratitud a la CICYT (AGL2000-1539-CO2-01) y a la Unión Europea (FAIR-97-9526) por la financiación parcial de esta investigación.Peer reviewe

In silico logistic model for table olive related microorganisms as a function of sodium metabisulphite, cinnamaldehyde, pH, and Type of acidifying agent

A probabilistic/logistic model, based on binary data (growth/no growth), was used to assess the effects of sodium metabisulphite (SM) and cinnamaldehyde (CIN; 0-1000 mg/L) against the main microbial groups found in table olive environment [lactic acid bacteria (LAB), yeasts, and Enterobacteriaceae], according to pH (range 3.5-5.0), and type of acidifying agent (HCl or pyruvic acid). The inhibitory effect of SM depended on the pH while that of CIN was scarcely influenced by it (except for LAB). LAB were more sensitive to SM, while yeasts were to CIN. The use of pyruvic acid for correction of pH always produced a reduction (compared to HCl) of the inhibitory power of both preservatives. The in silico models for HCl showed that, at pH 4.0, and growth probability 0.01, the LAB population might be inhibited by the presence in the medium of 150 mg/L SM or 1000 mg/L CIN, while in the case of yeasts, 450 mg/L SM, or 150 mg/L CIN are required. No growth of Enterobacteriaceae was observed at this (or lower) pH level. The results obtained may contribute to the stabilization of non-thermally treated table olive packaging.This research has received funding from INTERACEITUNA (Organización Interprofesional de la Aceituna de Mesa, Spain) and the Junta de Andalucía. FNAL thanks to the Spanish Government and CSIC for his Ramón y Cajal postdoctoral research contract, while VR thanks the AgriFood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Bank of Santander, Spanish Government and “Aloreña de Málaga” Olive Manufacturing Association for her pre-doctoral fellowship (training and formation program of Ph.D. in companies).Peer Reviewe

Comparación de la industria turística en potencias emergentes (Argentina y Brasil): de la rivalidad a la interdependencia

En los últimos años, además de los destinos maduros de Europa y América del Norte, hanirrumpido con fuerza nuevos subcontinentes como América del Sur. La industria turística deArgentina y Brasil ha evolucionado favorablemente, mostrando un considerable crecimientoy estabilidad económica que les ha convertido en potencias turísticas emergentes. En esteartículo se presenta, de manera comparada, la evolución del sector turístico en ambos países,identificando las principales causas que han influido en su desarrollo. El interés de estacomparación radica en que ambos países presentan importantes atractivos turísticos, fuertecrecimiento económico, grandes desequilibrios territoriales y altos niveles de inseguridad,unidos a una compleja interdependencia en cuanto a los flujos turísticos. Comprenderestas interrelaciones resulta vital para profundizar en los mecanismos de cooperación eintercambio, para permitir acabar definitivamente con los conflictos y rivalidades

A strike-slip fault corridor within the Alpujarra Mountains (Betic Cordilleras, Spain)

15 páginas, 6 figuras.[EN] In a long »corridor« in the internal zone of the Betic Cordilleras, bounded to the north by the Sierra Nevada and to the south by the Sierras Lujar, Contraviesa and Gador, two discernible bands of strike-slip faults exist: These bands lie in an approximately E-W direction and are well exposed throughout and beyond the 85 km long belt. The characteristic features of strike-slip faults, such as cataclastic rocks composed of variously textured fault breccia, which also include fragments of rocks up to several metres in size, incipient foliation, and striation demonstrate the right-lateral nature of the displacement. There are also fractures which run in a NW-SE and NNE-SSW direction, and apparently originated after formation of the E-W faults. The magnitude of lateral displacements is difficult to calculate. Evidence of considerable vertical movement can be found locally. These strike-slip displacements have essentially occurred since the middle Miocene period and might still be taking place.[AL] In einem langen Korridor in der Internzone der Betischen Kordilleren, der im Norden durch die Sierra Nevada und im Süden von den Sierren Lujar, Contraviesa und Gador begrenzt wird, sind zwei Streifen mit Blattverschiebungen zu beobachten. Sie streichen etwa E-W und sind gut entlang des 85-km-langen Gürtels aufgeschlossen. Die charakteristischen Merkmale von Blattverschiebungen wie etwa kataklastische Gesteine mit verschiedenen texturierten Verwerfungsbrekzien, welche auch bis zu mehreren Metern große Gesteinsblöcke enthalten, beginnende Schieferung und Harnischbildung, zeigen die dextrale Natur der Bewegung. Daneben treten NW-SE und NNE-SSW streichende Störungen auf, die offensichtlich nach der Bildung der E-W verlaufenden Blattverschiebungen entstanden sind. Das Ausmaß des lateralen Versatzes ist schwer abzuschätzen. Diese Bewegungen finden seit dem mittleren Miozän statt und sind möglicherweise immer noch aktiv.[FR] Dans un long couloir situé dans la zone interne des Chaînes Bétiques et limité au Nord par la Sierra Névada et au Sud par les Sierras de Lujar, Contraviesa et Gador, s'observent deux trains de failles de décrochements. Ces trains ont une direction à peu près E-W et sont bien exposés tout au long des 85 Km de cette zone. Les traits caractéristiques des décrochements, tels que cataclasites, brèche de faille avec fragments de roches jusqu'à plusieurs mètres de longueur, schistosité naissante et striation, démontrent la nature dextre du déplacement. Il existe aussi des fractures de direction NW-SE et NNW-SSW qui se sont vraisemblablement formées postérieurement aux failles E-W. La valeur du déplacement latéral est difficile à estimer. On rèléve localement des indices de mouvements verticaux importants. Ces décrochements se sont produits essentiellement à partir du Miocène moyen et peuvent encore se poursuivre aujourd'hui.This study was carried out under the auspices of the Departamento de Investigaciones Geológicas del C.S.I.C., Centro Coordinado con la Universidad de Granada, during a research project entitled: "Borde mediterráneo español: Evolución del Orógeno Bético y Geodinámica de las Depresiones Neógenas".Peer reviewe

Tunable thermal quenching of photoluminescence in Mg-doped p-type GaN

We have studied the thermal quenching of the ultraviolet luminescence band with a maximum at about 3.25 eV in p-type Mg-doped GaN. The characteristic temperature of the thermal quenching of photoluminescence (PL) gradually shifted to higher temperatures with increasing excitation intensity. This effect is explained by a population inversion of charge carriers at low temperatures, which suddenly converts into a quasiequilibrium population as the temperature increases above the characteristic value. Tunable quenching of PL has been observed only in some of the GaN:Mg samples. The absence of the tunable quenching of PL in another group of GaN:Mg samples is preliminarily attributed to different types of dominant nonradiative defects in the two groups of samples